منابع مشابه
Distinguishing cause from effect using observational data: methods and benchmarks Distinguishing cause from effect using observational data: methods and benchmarks
The discovery of causal relationships from purely observational data is a fundamental problem in science. The most elementary form of such a causal discovery problem is to decide whether X causes Y or, alternatively, Y causes X, given joint observations of two variables X,Y . This was often considered to be impossible. Nevertheless, several approaches for addressing this bivariate causal discov...
متن کاملDistinguishing Cause from Effect Using Observational Data: Methods and Benchmarks
The discovery of causal relationships from purely observational data is a fundamental problem in science. The most elementary form of such a causal discovery problem is to decide whether X causes Y or, alternatively, Y causes X, given joint observations of two variables X,Y . An example is to decide whether altitude causes temperature, or vice versa, given only joint measurements of both variab...
متن کاملEffect Modification and Design Sensitivity in Observational Studies
in Observational Studies Jesse Y. Hsu1, Dylan S. Small, Paul R. Rosenbaum University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Summary. In an observational study of treatment effects, subjects are not randomly assigned to treatment or control, so differing outcomes in treated and control groups may reflect a bias from nonrandom assignment rather than a treatment effect. After adjusting for measured pretrea...
متن کاملLow-Carbohydrate Diets and All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies
OBJECTIVE Low-carbohydrate diets and their combination with high-protein diets have been gaining widespread popularity to control weight. In addition to weight loss, they may have favorable short-term effects on the risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Our objective was to elucidate their long-term effects on mortality and CVD incidence. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE, EMBASE, ISI Web of Scien...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: The Journal of Wildlife Management
سال: 2013
ISSN: 0022-541X
DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.512